HTTP clients can send a number of headers to tell the server about copies of a resource that they have already seen. This is commonly used when retrieving a Web page (using an HTTP GET request) to avoid sending all the data for something the client has already retrieved. However, the same headers can be used for all HTTP methods (POST, PUT, DELETE, etc).
For each page (response) that Django sends back from a view, it might provide two HTTP headers: the ETag header and the Last-Modified header. These headers are optional on HTTP responses. They can be set by your view function, or you can rely on the CommonMiddleware middleware to set the ETag header.
When the client next requests the same resource, it might send along a header such as If-modified-since, containing the date of the last modification time it was sent, or If-none-match, containing the ETag it was sent. If the current version of the page matches the ETag sent by the client, or if the resource has not been modified, a 304 status code can be sent back, instead of a full response, telling the client that nothing has changed.
When you need more fine-grained control you may use per-view conditional processing functions.
Sometimes (in fact, quite often) you can create functions to rapidly compute the ETag value or the last-modified time for a resource, without needing to do all the computations needed to construct the full view. Django can then use these functions to provide an “early bailout” option for the view processing. Telling the client that the content has not been modified since the last request, perhaps.
These two functions are passed as parameters the django.views.decorators.http.condition decorator. This decorator uses the two functions (you only need to supply one, if you can’t compute both quantities easily and quickly) to work out if the headers in the HTTP request match those on the resource. If they don’t match, a new copy of the resource must be computed and your normal view is called.
The condition decorator’s signature looks like this:
condition(etag_func=None, last_modified_func=None)
The two functions, to compute the ETag and the last modified time, will be passed the incoming request object and the same parameters, in the same order, as the view function they are helping to wrap. The function passed last_modified_func should return a standard datetime value specifying the last time the resource was modified, or None if the resource doesn’t exist. The function passed to the etag decorator should return a string representing the Etag for the resource, or None if it doesn’t exist.
Using this feature usefully is probably best explained with an example. Suppose you have this pair of models, representing a simple blog system:
import datetime
from django.db import models
class Blog(models.Model):
...
class Entry(models.Model):
blog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
published = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.datetime.now)
...
If the front page, displaying the latest blog entries, only changes when you add a new blog entry, you can compute the last modified time very quickly. You need the latest published date for every entry associated with that blog. One way to do this would be:
def latest_entry(request, blog_id):
return Entry.objects.filter(blog=blog_id).latest("published").published
You can then use this function to provide early detection of an unchanged page for your front page view:
from django.views.decorators.http import condition
@condition(last_modified_func=latest_entry)
def front_page(request, blog_id):
...
As a general rule, if you can provide functions to compute both the ETag and the last modified time, you should do so. You don’t know which headers any given HTTP client will send you, so be prepared to handle both. However, sometimes only one value is easy to compute and Django provides decorators that handle only ETag or only last-modified computations.
The django.views.decorators.http.etag and django.views.decorators.http.last_modified decorators are passed the same type of functions as the condition decorator. Their signatures are:
etag(etag_func)
last_modified(last_modified_func)
We could write the earlier example, which only uses a last-modified function, using one of these decorators:
@last_modified(latest_entry)
def front_page(request, blog_id):
...
...or:
def front_page(request, blog_id):
...
front_page = last_modified(latest_entry)(front_page)
It might look nicer to some people to try and chain the etag and last_modified decorators if you want to test both preconditions. However, this would lead to incorrect behavior.
# Bad code. Don't do this!
@etag(etag_func)
@last_modified(last_modified_func)
def my_view(request):
# ...
# End of bad code.
The first decorator doesn’t know anything about the second and might answer that the response is not modified even if the second decorators would determine otherwise. The condition decorator uses both callback functions simultaneously to work out the right action to take.
The condition decorator is useful for more than only GET and HEAD requests (HEAD requests are the same as GET in this situation). It can be used also to be used to provide checking for POST, PUT and DELETE requests. In these situations, the idea isn’t to return a “not modified” response, but to tell the client that the resource they are trying to change has been altered in the meantime.
For example, consider the following exchange between the client and server:
The important thing this example shows is that the same functions can be used to compute the ETag and last modification values in all situations. In fact, you should use the same functions, so that the same values are returned every time.
You may notice that Django already provides simple and straightforward conditional GET handling via the django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware and CommonMiddleware. Whilst certainly being easy to use and suitable for many situations, those pieces of middleware functionality have limitations for advanced usage:
You should choose the most appropriate tool for your particular problem here. If you have a way to compute ETags and modification times quickly and if some view takes a while to generate the content, you should consider using the condition decorator described in this document. If everything already runs fairly quickly, stick to using the middleware and the amount of network traffic sent back to the clients will still be reduced if the view hasn’t changed.
Dec 23, 2012